天体收藏家-孙国佑

中国天文学会会员,埃格•威尔逊奖获得者,中国首颗银河系新星、亮红新星发现者,PSP公众超新星搜寻项目管理员,(546756)Sunguoyou – 孙国佑星。 严正声明:近期发现多个非法网站假冒本人网站,请广大爱好者注意甄别,谨防受骗!

彗星族群分类

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作者:孙国佑

彗星的轨道有椭圆、抛物线、双曲线三种。 椭圆轨道的彗星又叫周期彗星,另两种轨道的又叫非周期彗星。周期彗星又分为短周期彗星和长周期彗星。

短周期彗星

短周期彗星被认为起源于古柏带,也就是距离太阳35天文单位至1000天文单位的范围内,也有些是长周期彗星受到引力的摄动而成为短周期彗星。它们的轨道在这个广阔的范围内通常是稳定的,但是外侧行星的引力偶尔会干扰它们,使它们的轨道成为接近太阳的高离心率椭圆轨道,不过这种情况很难预测。而且由于它们的低反射率,光学望远镜也难以提早观测到。不过,当彗星进入太阳系的内侧被加热后,喷发出来的气体和尘埃形成包围着核心的彗发,使它们的体积扩张而很容易被侦测到。

短周期彗星的轨道周期通常是数年至数十年(上限为200年)。它们主要有两个家族:周期短于20年的是木星族,周期在20年至200年的是哈雷族。它们的轨道通常黄道的上下,并且运行方向与行星相同。它们轨道的远日点通常在外行星的区域(木星和超越其外);例如,哈雷彗星的远日点就在海王星之外不远处。彗星轨道的远日点靠近哪一颗行星,它就是该行星的彗星”家庭”,分别有木星族,土星族、天王星族、海王星族、冥王星族以及冥外彗星族。

主要分类

恩克族彗星
周期最短的极端,恩克彗星的轨道不会抵达木星的轨道,并且称为恩克族彗星。其近日点和远日点分别为 0.3380AU和4.0937AU,离心率0.8474,周期3.2984年,是所有彗星中最短的,亮度微弱,凝聚度较小,一般不产生彗尾。

木星族彗星
短周期彗星中,周期短于20年和低倾角(不超过30度)的被称为木星族彗星。

哈雷族彗星
像哈雷彗星的,轨道周期在20至200年之间,轨道倾角从0至超过90度的,称为哈雷族彗。(本站长发现的C/2015 F5彗星就属于哈雷族彗星。)

达摩克族彗星(同属彗星,小行星)
其前身疑为哈雷彗星彗核,它们的外观呈小行星状,运行轨道象彗星,近日点在火星的轨道附近,而远日点在天王星的附近。达摩克型小行星以5335号小行星Damocles为代表,它们在如彗星一般的扁长轨道上运行,但却没有被观测到任何彗星特征。科学家们认为它们是耗尽了挥发物质的彗核。有不少长周期彗星是被发现后一段时间才从达摩克型小行星“升级”成彗星的。 典型代表达摩克族彗星小行星2013 UQ4。

喀戎族彗星(同属彗星,小行星)
半人马小行星(Centaurs)是指一类绕日轨道在木星和海王星之间的冰冻小行星,并以希腊神话中的半人马神,即奥林匹克之父,也是大力士海格利斯之师──仙托(Centaur)为名。中文一般将该类小行星称为半人马小行星,也叫仙托小行星。第一颗半人马小行星──喀戎(2060 Chiron)于发现时在接近近日点出现了彗发(coma),虽然其体积远大于 典型的彗星而且一直有争议,在天文学上目前却将之同时归类为彗星(95/P 喀戎)及小行星。如果一颗天体的半长轴介于木星和海王星之间,就会被归类为半人马小行星。 半人马小行星具有彗星特征的称为喀戎族彗星。

主带彗星
主带彗星形成一个独立的类别。不同于多数彗星的轨道多半在接近木星或距离太阳更遥远的距离上,主带彗星的轨道接近圆形,并且在小行星带的主带内,因此很难从轨道上的特征与许多标准的小行星区分出来。即使有一些 短周期彗星的轨道半长轴在木星轨道之内,和主带彗星仍有所不同,因为主带彗星的离心率和轨道倾角都与主带内的小行星相似。最初知道的三颗主带彗星轨道都在主带外缘的内侧。


长周期彗星

长周期彗星有较高的离心率轨道和范围从200年至数千乃至百万年的周期。

掠日彗星族
克鲁兹族彗星(Kreutz Sungrazers),其近日点极接近太阳是它们轨道的特性之一。它们相信全来自多年前一颗大彗星分裂而成的碎片,而德国天文学家克鲁兹首先注意到这些彗星的共通点,因此被称为“ 克鲁兹族彗星”。不少克鲁兹族彗星的成员均为历史上出现的大彗星,白天在太阳隔邻也能看到。对上一颗大彗 星是1965年出现的池谷·关彗星,是20世纪中最亮的彗星之一。克鲁兹族也是发现最多的彗星族群,这得益于SOHO探测器的升空,20年间已经发现了3000多颗克鲁兹族彗星。

除此之外还有SOHO太空探测器还发现了科里切特族(Kracht)、科里切特2A族、马斯登族(Marsden)及迈耶族(Meyer)等新的掠日彗星种族。当中马斯登族及科里切特族或与96P周期彗星——梅克贺兹一号彗星存在着莫大关系,该彗星也可能是象限仪座流星雨及白羊座流星雨的母体 彗星。

非周期彗星

轨道为抛物线或双曲线的彗星,引终生只能接近太阳一次,而一旦离去,就会永不复返,称为非周期彗星。这类彗星不是太阳系成员,它们只是来自太阳系之外的过客,无意中闯进了太阳系,而后又义无反顾地回到茫茫的宇宙深处。

星际彗星

目前只发现了一颗星际彗星,2019年8月30日由乌克兰业余天文学家根纳迪·鲍里索夫发现的C/2019 Q4后更名为2l/Borisov。这也是人类发现的第二颗星际物体。

周期彗星表

编号/名称译名离心率轨道倾角近日点远日点轨道周期
1P/Halley哈雷彗星0.9671162.30.58635.0875.32
2P/Encke恩克彗星0.848311.780.33614.0943.297
3D/Biela比拉彗星0.751313.220.87916.196.646
4P/Faye法叶彗星0.56929.0581.6546.0257.523
5D/Brorsen布罗森彗星0.809829.380.58985.6125.461
6P/d’Arrest德亚瑞司特彗星0.611419.481.3615.6466.558
7P/Pons-Winnecke庞士-温尼克彗星0.637622.331.2395.5996.323
8P/Tuttle塔特尔彗星0.819854.981.02710.3713.61
9P/Tempel坦普尔1号彗星0.510210.481.5414.7495.578
10P/Tempel坦普尔2号彗星0.537312.031.4184.715.363
11P/Tempel-Swift-LINEAR坦普尔-斯威夫特-林尼尔彗星0.546213.571.5485.2776.304
12P/Pons-Brooks庞士-布鲁克斯彗星0.954874.180.773733.4770.85
13P/Olbers奥伯斯彗星0.930344.611.17832.6469.52
14P/Wolf沃夫彗星0.355627.912.7415.7668.773
15P/Finlay芬利彗星0.72026.7990.97595.9996.513
16P/Brooks布鲁克斯彗星0.56324.2611.4675.256.154
17P/Holmes霍姆斯彗星0.431719.092.0575.1836.889
18D/Perrine-Mrkos珀赖因-姆尔科斯彗星0.642617.761.2725.8476.716
19P/Borrelly包瑞利彗星0.625530.371.3495.8566.838
20D/Westphal韦士伐彗星0.919840.891.25430.0361.87
21P/Giacobini-Zinner贾可比尼-秦诺彗星0.706831.911.03166.592
22P/Kopff卡普夫彗星0.54774.7371.5585.3326.395
23P/Brorsen-Metcalf布罗森–梅特卡夫彗星0.97219.330.478833.6670.52
24P/Schaumasse萧马斯彗星0.704811.751.2056.9598.247
25D/Neujmin诺伊明2号彗星0.566810.641.3384.845.43
26P/Grigg-Skjellerup葛里格-斯杰勒鲁普彗星0.640322.431.0854.9495.24
27P/Crommelin克罗玛林彗星0.91928.970.748317.7228.07
28P/Neujmin诺伊明1号彗星0.775414.191.55212.2718.17
29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann施瓦斯曼-瓦赫曼1号彗星0.041679.3775.7616.26214.74
30P/Reinmuth雷睦斯1号彗星0.50128.1231.8835.6687.336
31P/Schwassmann-Wachmann施瓦斯曼-瓦赫曼2号彗星0.19394.5473.4235.078.751
32P/Comas Sola科马斯·索拉彗星0.55629.972.0017.0159.572
33P/Daniel丹尼尔彗星0.46222.372.175.8958.097
34D/Gale盖尔彗星0.760711.731.1838.70411
35P/Herschel-Rigollet赫歇尔-利哥莱彗星0.97464.210.748556.94155
36P/Whipple惠普彗星0.26179.9273.0725.2518.49
37P/Forbes福布斯彗星0.54068.9551.5785.2926.367
38P/Stephan-Oterma史蒂芬-奥特玛彗星0.8617.981.57420.9237.72
39P/Oterma奥特玛彗星0.24551.9435.4719.03219.53
40P/V?is?l?维萨拉1号彗星0.631611.491.828.05910.98
41P/Tuttle-Giacobini-Kresák塔特尔-贾可比尼-克雷萨克彗星0.66049.2281.0485.1235.42
42P/Neujmin诺伊明3号彗星0.58423.9842.0287.72610.77
43P/Wolf-Harrington沃夫-哈灵顿彗星0.594715.971.3585.3416.129
44P/Reinmuth雷睦斯2号彗星0.42655.8962.1195.277.101
45P/Honda-Mrkos-Pajdu?áková本田-姆尔科斯-帕伊杜莎科娃彗星0.82474.2520.52985.5135.252
46P/Wirtanen韦坦伦彗星0.659211.761.0525.1235.426
47P/Ashbrook-Jackson阿什布鲁克-杰克逊彗星0.316713.032.8175.4288.371
48P/Johnson詹森彗星0.425213.062.035.0336.637
49P/Arend-Rigaux阿朗–里戈彗星0.600319.061.4265.7076.736
50P/Arend阿朗彗星0.530419.141.9196.2528.258
51P/Harrington哈灵顿彗星0.54245.4241.75.7297.159
51P-A/Harrington0.56228.6571.5685.5966.78
51P-D/Harrington0.54255.4251.6995.7297.159
52P/Harrington-Abell哈灵顿-阿贝尔彗星0.540410.231.7735.9437.578
53P/Van Biesbroeck冯比斯布罗克彗星0.55146.6082.4288.39612.59
54P/de Vico-Swift-NEAT德威科-斯威夫特-尼特彗星0.4276.0672.1725.4097.38
55P/Tempel-Tuttle坦普尔-塔特尔彗星0.9056162.50.976419.733.24
56P/Slaughter-Burnham斯洛特尔-伯纳姆彗星0.50378.1562.5357.6811.54
57P/du Toit-Neujmin-Delporte杜图瓦-诺伊明-德尔波特彗星0.49922.8481.7295.1766.415
57P-A/du Toit-Neujmin-Delporte0.4992.8451.7295.1756.414
58P/Jackson-Neujmin杰克逊-诺伊明彗星0.661513.481.3816.788.242
59P/Kearns-Kwee0.47549.342.3556.6249.514
60P/Tsuchinshan紫金山2号彗星0.53843.6111.6185.3936.564
61P/Shajn-Schaldach沙因-沙尔达克彗星0.42586.0062.1145.2497.064
62P/Tsuchinshan紫金山1号彗星0.57810.51.4895.5686.629
63P/Wild威尔德1号彗星0.650919.781.9519.22513.21
64P/Swift-Gehrels斯威夫特-盖勒尔斯彗星0.68978.951.3777.59.351
65P/Gunn甘恩彗星0.25629.1662.8964.8917.683
66P/du Toit杜图瓦彗星0.787718.71.27410.7314.71
67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko丘留莫夫-格拉西缅科彗星0.64097.041.2435.6816.442
68P/Klemola克莱默拉彗星0.640711.141.7598.03210.83
69P/Taylor泰勒彗星0.414522.052.2735.497.648
70P/Kojima小岛彗星0.45396.62.0075.3427.043
71P/Clark克拉克彗星0.49829.481.5694.6855.53
72P/Denning-Fujikawa丹宁-藤川彗星0.81929.1690.78427.8889.029
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann施瓦斯曼-瓦赫曼3号彗星0.694811.420.93285.185.344
73P-B/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.693311.40.93915.1855.358
73P-C/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.692211.380.94295.1845.362
73P-E/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.693911.410.93745.1875.359
73P-G/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.693411.390.93925.1885.362
73P-H/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.693611.390.93925.195.366
73P-J/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.691511.380.9395.1495.312
73P-K/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.693511.390.93915.195.364
73P-L/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.694711.40.93915.2145.396
73P-M/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.693911.390.93915.1985.375
73P-N/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.692311.380.93935.1665.333
73P-P/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.695611.410.93925.2315.419
73P-Q/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.698611.420.93975.2975.507
73P-R/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.694111.390.93915.2015.379
73P-S/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.693411.051.0225.6466.088
73P-T/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.711911.510.93935.5825.888
73P-U/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.689411.360.93945.1095.26
73P-V/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.693511.650.91225.045.134
73P-W/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.697611.420.93915.2715.472
73P-X/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.694811.40.93915.2145.396
73P-Y/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.719511.560.93925.7576.127
73P-Z/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.693411.350.9425.2025.385
73P-AA/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.680611.30.93934.9435.044
73P-AB/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.691211.370.93925.1445.305
73P-AC/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.695411.410.9395.2265.412
73P-AD/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.693411.370.94075.1955.373
73P-AE/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.696711.410.93915.2545.449
73P-AF/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.676311.240.94124.8744.958
73P-AG/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.695811.410.9395.2345.423
73P-AH/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.693411.330.9435.2075.393
73P-AI/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.698311.430.93895.2845.489
73P-AJ/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.800212.150.93618.43410.14
73P-AK/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.693411.430.93775.1785.348
73P-AL/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.699811.440.93885.3165.531
73P-AM/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.693411.540.93095.1415.29
73P-AN/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.694811.410.9395.2135.396
73P-AO/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.693811.330.94085.2035.385
73P-AP/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.701411.470.93875.355.575
73P-AQ/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.695911.410.9395.2375.426
73P-AR/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.695811.410.93925.2365.425
73P-AS/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.70111.460.93885.345.563
73P-AT/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.686911.330.93965.0635.2
73P-AU/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.692811.380.93935.1765.347
73P-AV/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.693411.40.9395.1865.359
73P-AW/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.677311.240.94034.8874.974
73P-AX/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.692511.430.9385.1625.327
73P-AY/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.675111.230.94024.8474.923
73P-AZ/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.675111.220.94034.8474.923
73P-BA/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.682411.270.94024.9815.095
73P-BB/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.682411.190.94244.9935.112
73P-BC/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.700511.460.93885.335.549
73P-BD/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.682410.970.94625.0135.143
73P-BE/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.682411.320.93944.9775.088
73P-BF/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.685711.320.93965.0395.168
73P-BG/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.684811.320.93935.025.144
73P-BH/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.682411.290.93984.9795.091
73P-BI/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.682511.30.93984.9795.091
73P-BJ/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.691111.370.93935.1425.302
73P-BK/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.691511.370.93935.1515.314
73P-BL/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.696211.410.93915.2445.436
73P-BM/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.682411.290.93984.9795.091
73P-BN/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.691811.380.93925.1555.319
73P-BO/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.691811.380.93925.1565.321
73P-BP/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.682511.290.93984.9795.091
73P-BQ/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.692511.390.93925.1685.336
73P-BR/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.685211.320.93965.0295.156
73P-BS/Schwassmann-Wachmann0.698611.440.93895.2915.498
74P/Smirnova-Chernykh斯米尔诺娃-切尔尼赫彗星0.14886.6513.5424.7818.489
75D/Kohoutek科胡特克彗星0.49635.9071.7855.3026.669
76P/West-Kohoutek-Ikemura威斯特-科胡特克-池村彗星0.538530.481.6025.3416.467
77P/Longmore隆莫彗星0.354124.332.3364.8986.88
78P/Gehrels盖勒尔斯2号彗星0.46196.2542.015.4627.221
79P/du Toit-Hartley杜图瓦-哈特雷彗星0.61853.1461.1244.7685.056
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328P/LONEOS-Tucker0.551917.711.886.5118.593
329P/LINEAR-Catalina林尼尔-卡特林那0.679621.451.6648.72411.84
330P/Catalina卡特林那1号卫星0.5515.562.96310.216.89
330P/Catalina0.55086415.6742
331P/Gibbs0.0404039.7401
332P/Ikeya-Murakami0.4896529.3839
332P-A/Ikeya-Murakami0.4896529.3838
332P-B/Ikeya-Murakami0.4897079.3805
332P-C/Ikeya-Murakami0.4896579.3829
332P-D/Ikeya-Murakami0.4897789.3761
332P-E/Ikeya-Murakami0.489229.3774
332P-F/Ikeya-Murakami0.4991899.5293
332P-G/Ikeya-Murakami0.4920049.2523
332P-H/Ikeya-Murakami0.4896939.3834
332P-I/Ikeya-Murakami0.4895559.3791
332P-J/Ikeya-Murakami0.4942949.4296
333P/LINEAR0.73594331.8865
334P/NEAT0.3595719.0541
335P/Gibbs0.544737.2884
336P/McNaught0.44613317.8346
337P/WISE0.49656115.3666
338P/McNaught0.41043925.3559
339P/Gibbs0.6365135.74
340P/Boattini0.2801442.0793
341P/Gibbs0.4143873.7934
342P/SOHO0.98268112.9544
343P/NEAT-LONEOS0.5832685.5828
344P/Read0.4211773.4902
345P/LINEAR0.2198532.7253
346P/Catalina0.50295322.1841
347P/PANSTARRS0.38468811.7475
348P/PANSTARRS0.30357117.637
349P/Lemmon0.300615.4926
350P/McNaught0.0905287.3632
351P/PANSTARRS0.29627312.7898
352P/Skiff0.61724921.0174
353P/McNaught0.46943328.4183
354P/LINEAR0.1255285.2555
355P/LINEAR-NEAT0.50637311.0325
356P/WISE0.3541759.6304
357P/Hill0.4342936.3089
358P/PANSTARRS0.2376811.0572
359P/LONEOS0.32343510.2614
360P/WISE0.4980524.0812
361P/Spacewatch0.43778213.8822
362P0.28044815.5663
363P/Lemmon0.5578033.9724
364P/PANSTARRS0.72269212.1542
365P/PANSTARRS0.5738499.8405
366P/Spacewatch0.3490898.8595
367P/Catalina0.2809358.4638
368P/NEAT0.62586515.485
369P/Hill0.55416510.308
370P/NEAT0.61430419.3969
371P/LINEAR-Skiff0.47606317.3797
372P/McNaught0.1520059.51
373P/Rinner0.39242513.7575
374P/Larson0.46228110.7576
375P/Hill0.65919617.366
376P/Loneos0.5171471.1923
377P/Scotti0.2527429.0221
378P/McNaught0.47028119.0966
379P/Spacewatch0.33806512.3861
380P/PANSTARRS0.3269658.2335
381P/LINEAR-Spacewatch0.68144928.3772
382P/Larson0.3169738.3106
383P/Christensen0.59942212.3225
384P/Kowalski0.6153237.2813
385P/Hill0.4010216.8262
386P/PANSTARRS
387P/Boattini
388P/Gibbs
389P/Siding Spring

本页面由资料网络搜集及个人知识经验拼凑而成,不全面,初步整理慢慢更新。

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